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In the 11th century, professors at the University of Bologna, Western Europe's first university, rediscovered the Corpus Juris Civilis, and its influence began to be felt across Europe. The resulting collection is called the Corpus Juris Civilis.
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In the sixth century, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian oversaw the consolidation of Roman civil law. The word civilization comes from the Latin civilis, meaning civil, related to the Latin civis, meaning citizen, and civitas, meaning city or city-state. Aside from these core elements, a civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and (tort-based) legal systems, characteristic art and architecture, mathematics, enhanced scientific understanding, metallurgy, political structures, and an astronomical understanding. The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, a special governing class and urbanism. Still, even when used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement-especially the founding of There is a tendency to use the term in a less strict way, to mean approximately the same thing as " culture" and therefore, the term can more broadly refer to any important and clearly defined human society. In a classical context, people were called "civilized" to set them apart from barbarians, while in a modern-day context, "civilized peoples" have been contrasted with primitive peoples. Such civilizations are generally hierarchical and urbanized. Primarily, the term has been used to refer to the material and instrumental side of human cultures that are complex in terms of technology, science, and division of labor. Zapotec civilization analogical dictionaryĬivilization ( or civilisation) is a sometimes controversial term that has been used in several related ways.War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization.The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It.The International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization.The Decline of Western Civilization III.
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The Decline of Country and Western Civilization, Pt.The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy.Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization.Science Fiction, the Advance Guard of Future Civilization.Role of the Catholic Church in civilization.Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth.Periodization of the Indus Valley Civilization.National Institute of Oriental languages and Civilization.National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilization.Joseph Needham Professorship of Chinese History, Science, and Civilization.Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance.International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization.In Search of the Cradle of Civilization.How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Culture and Civilization.History of discovery and distribution of the remains of Aegean civilization.Extended Revelation for the Psychic Weaklings of Western Civilization.Discovery Civilization / Civilisation Channel.Decline of Western Civilization (Film).Center for Jewish Law and Contemporary Civilization.Byzantine civilization in the twelfth century.Ancient Sumer (Eight Features of Civilization).All-China Youth Network Civilization Convention.Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization.
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